2018年全國同等學力申碩英語真題Passage Three
Passage Three
Almost eight years ago, the American educator Abraham Flexner published an article entitled The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge. In it , he argued that the most powerful intellectual and technological breakthroughs usually emerged from research that initially appeared “useless”, without much relevance to real life. As a result, it was vital, Flexner said, that these “useless” efforts should be supported, even if they did not produce an immediate payback, because otherwise the next wave of innovation simply would not occur. “ Curiosity, which may or may not produce something useful, is probably the outstanding characteristic of modern thinking,” he declared.
In 1929, Flexner persuaded a wealthy American family, the Bambergers, to use some of their donations to fund the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton to support exactly this kind of “undirected” research.
And it paid off: brilliant Jewish scientists fleeing from Nazi Germany, such as Albert Einstein, gathered at the IAS to explore undirected ideas. And while some of these, such as Einstein’s own work developing his early theory of relativity, did not initially seem valuable, many eventually produced powerful applications (though after many decades).
Without Einstein’s theory, our GPS tracking devices would be inaccurate by about seven miles,” writes Robbert Dijkgraaf , the current director of the IAS, in the foreword to a newly released reprint of Flexner’s article. Concepts such as quantum mechanics(量子力學)or superconductivity also seemed fairly useless at first— but yielded huge dividends at a later date.
The reason why the IAS is re-releasing Flexner’s article now is that scientists such as Dijkgraaf fear this core principle is increasing under threat. The Trump administration has released a projected budget that threatens to reduce funding for the arts, science and educational groups. Many Republicans believe that research is better financed by business or philanthropists(慈善家)than by government. But one striking fact about the past century is how much American innovation originated
in federal projects; Silicon Valley would never have boomed were it not for the fact that state funding enabled the development of the World Wide Web, for example.
11. What may be the best title for the passage?
A. The value of Creative Ideas
B. The Importance of Basic Research
C. Innovation in Silicon Valley
D. In Praise of “Useless” Endeavors
12. According to Abraham Flexner, what is an important feature of modern thinking?
A. Curiosity B. Application C. Devotion D. Passion
13. The “undirected” research (Para.3) refers to research .
A. not funded by government agencies C. with indefinite experimental methods
B. without any practical purpose in mind D. supported by non-profit organizations
14. Examples of initially “useless” research include all of the following EXPECT
.
A. quantum mechanics
B. theory of relativity
C. superconductivity
D. GPS tracking devices
15. Flexner’s article was reprinted because .
A. businesses in Silicon Valley wish to put pressure on the government
B. Democrats believe that government funding should go to small business
C. Republicans argue that scientific research should be financed by business
D. some scientists worry that government will cut its funding
Passage Three
【文章介紹】本文主要介紹了幾種食肉性植物如捕蠅草、豬籠草、螺旋貍藻等及其捕食方式。
12. 【答案】B
【考點】語義題
【解析】本題問的第二段中的 “carnivorous” 意思最接近的是哪項。
文章第二段主要對比了食肉性植物與其它植物，在 carnivorous 詞后，就解說了其緣由：他們能夠迷惑、誘捕并吃掉蟲子。因此選 B 項“食蟲的”。
【誤項排除】A 項“有營養(yǎng)的”，C 項“食草的”，D 項“有吸引力的”，這三項不符合題意。
13. 【答案】C
【考點】細節(jié)題
【解析】本題問的是作者最可能認同的是哪項。
根據(jù)第二段第一句所述：全球約有 391,000 種植物，只有 600 來種植物是食肉性的。因此選 C 項“只有少量的植物是食肉性的”。
【誤項排除】A 項“有太多的食肉性植物物種”，B 項“世界上的植物種類太少了”，
D 項“大多數(shù)植物都是食肉性的”，這三項不符合題意。
14. 【答案】D
【考點】細節(jié)題
【解析】本題問的是食肉性植物的營養(yǎng)主要來源于哪里?
文章第三段第三句直接陳述了食肉性植物從它們的獵物中獲得營養(yǎng)。因此選 D 項“它們的獵物”。
【誤項排除】A 項“其它植物”，B 項“土壤”，C 項“太陽”，這三項不符合題意。
15. 【答案】B
【考點】段落歸納
【解析】本題問的是第三段大意的最佳表達是哪項。
第三段描述了豬籠草是如何捕獵的，它通過提供花粉誘使獵物進入到身體里，且光滑的體表讓獵物無法逃脫。因此選 B 項“豬籠草引誘蟲子進入它的胃部”。
【誤項排除】A 項“食肉性植物的研究有許多”，C 項“豬籠草用多種方式滅掉它的獵物”，D 項“一些植物通過提供花粉來誘惑蟲子”，這三項不符合題意。
16. 【答案】B
【考點】推斷題
【解析】本題問的是推斷螺旋貍藻的消化器官位于哪里。
最后一段描述了螺旋貍藻是如何捕食的，通讀該段，可知該植物是通過毛發(fā)捕食并消化的，由此此題選 B 項“在其頂部的某處”。
【誤項排除】A 項“在其根部的某處”，C 項“在它的花朵里”，D 項“在它的葉子里”，這三項不符合題意。
參考譯文
想像你是一只蒼蠅，你正在尋找一處落腳的地方。當你看到一片粉色的葉子，看似一塊可以落腳的好地方。當你雙腳落在這片葉子上時，你注意到了有些不對勁。這片葉子有毛。當你想要移動時，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)自己引起了這個植物的反應。 喀嚓!不到十分之一秒的時間，你被捕蠅草逮住了，并將在 5 到 12 天內(nèi)被消化掉。
全球約有 391,000 種植物，只有 600 種左右的植物是食肉性的。我們稱之為食肉性植物，是因為他們能夠迷惑、誘捕并吃掉蟲子。和其它植物一樣，它們通過太陽獲得能量。但又和其它植物不一樣的是，它們通過獵物獲得營養(yǎng)。食肉性植物居住的地方，土壤缺乏營養(yǎng)。許多植物從土壤中獲得營養(yǎng)，但食肉性植物卻不得不轉(zhuǎn)向其它來源。
豬籠草誘惑獵物著落到它們身上，利用花粉做誘餌，迷惑那些愚蠢的昆蟲。正如其名，豬籠草呈深桶型。瓶口表面很光滑，而且它們內(nèi)部有著粗毛，這讓落入的蟲子無法逃脫。這只蒼蠅被誘落在豬籠草上，并滑入了全是消化液的囊中。
螺旋貍藻有開口的莖，莖中有彎曲的毛發(fā)。這些毛發(fā)讓蟲子只能向上爬向樹干，但卻無法返回。向上通向植物的胃。落入螺旋貍藻里的蟲子發(fā)現(xiàn)自己無法逃脫，它們只能走向死亡。
還有貍藻類植物。它們生長在水中，漂浮在水面。貍藻的捕食器類似囊狀物，隱藏在水下，而在水面只能看到它的花。當蟲子游近刺毛時，捕蟲囊就開始活動了。它隨著水流吸食著獵物，獵物將在數(shù)小時內(nèi)會被消化掉。
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